A Smarandachely k-signed graph (Smarandachely k-marked graph) is an ordered pair S = (G,σ) (S = (G,μ)), where G = (V, E) is a graph called the underlying graph of S and σ : E → (e1, e2, · · · , ek) (μ : V → (e1, e2, · · · , ek)) is a function, where each ei ∈ {+,−}. Particularly, a Smarandachely 2-singed graph or 2-marked graph is called abbreviated to a singed graph or a marked graph. We chara...

Drosophila singed mutants were named for their gnarled bristle phenotype but severe alleles are also female sterile. Recently, singed protein was shown to have 35% peptide identity with echinoderm fascin. Fascin is found in actin filament bundles in microvilli of sea urchin eggs and in filopodial extensions in coelomocytes. We show that Drosophila singed is required for actin filament bundle fo...

A key challenge in normal development and in disease is to elucidate the mechanisms of cell migration. Here we approach this question using the tracheal system of Drosophila as a model. Tracheal cell migration requires the Breathless/FGFR pathway; however, how the pathway induces migration remains poorly understood. We find that the Breathless pathway upregulates singed at the tip of tracheal b...

DNA from the singed gene of Drosophila melanogaster was isolated using an inversion between a previously cloned P element at cytological location 17C and the hypermutable allele singed-weak. Five out of nine singed mutants examined have alterations in their DNA maps in this region. The singed locus is a hotspot for mutation during P-M hybrid dysgenesis, and we have analyzed 22 mutations induced...

Developmental and genetic studies of the singed gene of Drosophila melanogaster indicate that the gene has a role in somatic cells during the formation of adult bristles and hairs, and in the female germline during oogenesis. During metamorphosis a single 3.6-kilobase (kb) RNA is made, and this RNA is also present in adults and early embryos. Early embryos and adult females have additional 3.3-...

Summary Today, the integrity and authenticity of digital documents data are often hard to verify. Existing public key infrastructures (PKIs) capable certifying identities but do not provide solutions store signatures immutably, process certification is transparent. We propose Veritaa, a distributed infrastructure with an integrated signature (DPKISS). The central part Veritaa Graph Trust that m...

Background: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among hazardous chemicals that may endanger food safety. In Nigeria, hides and skins of animals are edible and used in dishes. So, this study investigated the levels of PAHs in singed and unsinged hides and skins of animals slaughtered at three districts abattoirs (Obosi, Uga, and Kwata) in Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: Using gas chrom...

Actin bundle assembly in specialized structures such as microvilli on intestinal epithelia and Drosophila bristles requires two actin bundling proteins. In these systems, the distinct biochemical properties and temporal localization of actin bundling proteins suggest that these proteins are not redundant. During Drosophila oogenesis, the formation of cytoplasmic actin bundles in nurse cells req...

Transverse sections though Drosophila bristles reveal 7-11 nearly round, plasma membrane-associated bundles of actin filaments. These filaments are hexagonally packed and in a longitudinal section they show a 12-nm periodicity in both the 1.1 and 1.0 views. From earlier studies this periodicity is attributable to cross-links and indicates that the filaments are maximally cross-linked, singed mu...

Fascins bundle actin filaments into large, tightly packed hexagonal arrays that support diverse cellular processes including microvillar projections and filopodial extensions. In Drosophila, fascin is encoded by the singed locus. Severe singed mutants have gnarled bristles and are female sterile due to a defect in rapid cytoplasm transport during oogenesis. In this paper, we report the results ...